Climate change, habitat connectivity, and conservation gaps: a case study of four ungulate species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau

Abstract Context Habitat connectivity is essential for the long-term persistence of species, but commonly disregarded in climate change impact studies. The Tibetan Plateau contains a biome rich endemic ungulates, which are highly sensitive to climatic variations and deserve particular attention conservation planning against change. Objectives We evaluated response vulnerability habitat four ungulate species Plateau, examined robustness protected areas (PAs) these under Methods For each focal we developed ecological niche models predict spatial conducted network-theoretical analysis estimate consequent changes connectivity. Moreover, used circuit theory characterize dispersal patterns gap analyses contribution existing PAs species. Results will experience remarkable loss that outpaced their Currently, 53.39 46.64% could contribute suitability connectivity, respectively, unprotected. These values further increase future conditions. Conclusions Climate-driven may lead key between habitats causing disproportionate decrease on not robust ungulates. Adjustment certain help address gaps.